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anti pex19  (Proteintech)


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    Structured Review

    Proteintech anti pex19
    Anti Pex19, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 24 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/anti pex19/product/Proteintech
    Average 93 stars, based on 24 article reviews
    anti pex19 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
    93/100 stars

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    The yeast two-hybrid screen identifies PEX19 as an interacting partner of IAV M2. The yeast strain Y2H Gold was co-transformed with the bait plasmid pGBKT7-SC09(H1N1) M2, containing SC09(H1N1) M2 fused to the GAL4-binding domain (BD) in a pGBKT7 vector, together with the prey plasmid pGADT7-PEX19, which encodes PEX19 fused to the Gal4-activation domain (AD). Positive protein–protein interactions are indicated by the growth of blue colonies in the SD/–4/X/A plates in the presence of X-a-Gal. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-p53 encoding the Gal4-BD fused with murine p53 and pGADT7-T encoding the Gal4-AD fused with SV40 large T-antigen served as a positive control. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-Lamin, which encodes the Gal4-BD fused with Lamin and pGADT7-T, served as a negative control. SD/–2: SD/–Leu/–Trp; SD/–4: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp; and SD/–4/X/A: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp/X-a-Gal/AbA.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The yeast two-hybrid screen identifies PEX19 as an interacting partner of IAV M2. The yeast strain Y2H Gold was co-transformed with the bait plasmid pGBKT7-SC09(H1N1) M2, containing SC09(H1N1) M2 fused to the GAL4-binding domain (BD) in a pGBKT7 vector, together with the prey plasmid pGADT7-PEX19, which encodes PEX19 fused to the Gal4-activation domain (AD). Positive protein–protein interactions are indicated by the growth of blue colonies in the SD/–4/X/A plates in the presence of X-a-Gal. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-p53 encoding the Gal4-BD fused with murine p53 and pGADT7-T encoding the Gal4-AD fused with SV40 large T-antigen served as a positive control. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-Lamin, which encodes the Gal4-BD fused with Lamin and pGADT7-T, served as a negative control. SD/–2: SD/–Leu/–Trp; SD/–4: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp; and SD/–4/X/A: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp/X-a-Gal/AbA.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Two Hybrid Screening, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Binding Assay, Activation Assay, Positive Control, Negative Control

    IAV M2 protein interacts with host factor PEX19. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combination of plasmids expressing Myc-tagged PEX19 and Flag-tagged SC09 (H1N1) M2 ( a ), WSN (H1N1) M2 ( b ), or AH05 (H5N1) M2 ( c ). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with mouse anti-Flag or anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( d ) Schematic representation of differences in amino acid sequences of M2. ( e ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 2 for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( f ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19 and GFP or GFP-tagged BM2. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-GFP mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( g , h ) A549 cells were transfected individually or in combination with plasmids expressing Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2 and Myc-tagged PEX19 ( g ) or were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 1 ( h ). Cells were immunostained with anti-M2 and anti-PEX19 antibodies 24 h after transfection or the indicated timepoints p.i., and were visualized by confocal microscopy. The 3D analysis of images was performed using Image J.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IAV M2 protein interacts with host factor PEX19. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combination of plasmids expressing Myc-tagged PEX19 and Flag-tagged SC09 (H1N1) M2 ( a ), WSN (H1N1) M2 ( b ), or AH05 (H5N1) M2 ( c ). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with mouse anti-Flag or anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( d ) Schematic representation of differences in amino acid sequences of M2. ( e ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 2 for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( f ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19 and GFP or GFP-tagged BM2. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-GFP mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( g , h ) A549 cells were transfected individually or in combination with plasmids expressing Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2 and Myc-tagged PEX19 ( g ) or were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 1 ( h ). Cells were immunostained with anti-M2 and anti-PEX19 antibodies 24 h after transfection or the indicated timepoints p.i., and were visualized by confocal microscopy. The 3D analysis of images was performed using Image J.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Infection, Virus, Confocal Microscopy

    The cytoplasmic tail domain of M2 and the C terminus of PEX19 are key regions of interactions. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combinations of plasmids. At 48 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb ( a , c ), or a mouse anti-Flag mAb ( b ), and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-GST pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( a ) or with a rabbit anti-Flag pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( b , c ).

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The cytoplasmic tail domain of M2 and the C terminus of PEX19 are key regions of interactions. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combinations of plasmids. At 48 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb ( a , c ), or a mouse anti-Flag mAb ( b ), and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-GST pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( a ) or with a rabbit anti-Flag pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( b , c ).

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

    PEX19 inhibits the replication of IAV. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting PEX19 or scrambled siRNA for 48 h. Whole-cell lysates were then analyzed by Western blotting with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb. The band intensities of PEX19, quantified using ImageJ, were normalized to GAPDH and are expressed as relative ratios compared to RNAimax-treated cells. The cell viability of siRNA-treated A549 cells was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay. The data are presented as means ± standard deviations for triplicate transfections. ( b ) PEX19 siRNA1- or scrambled siRNA-transfected A549 cells as in ( a ) were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1), AH05 (H5N1), or AH13 (H7N9) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( c ) The stable overexpression of PEX19 in PEX19-overexpressing cells was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( d ) The WSN (H1N1) virus was used to infect the PEX19-overexpressing or control A549 cells at an MOI of 0.01. Supernatants were collected at 24 and 48 h p.i., and virus titers were determined by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( e ) A stable PEX19_KO A549 cell line was established by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the knockout of PEX19 was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( f ) PEX19_KO or control A549 cells were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1) or AH05 (H5N1) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. Three independent experiments were performed in ( b , d , f ), and data are shown as means ± standard deviations for triplicates from a representative experiment. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PEX19 inhibits the replication of IAV. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting PEX19 or scrambled siRNA for 48 h. Whole-cell lysates were then analyzed by Western blotting with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb. The band intensities of PEX19, quantified using ImageJ, were normalized to GAPDH and are expressed as relative ratios compared to RNAimax-treated cells. The cell viability of siRNA-treated A549 cells was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay. The data are presented as means ± standard deviations for triplicate transfections. ( b ) PEX19 siRNA1- or scrambled siRNA-transfected A549 cells as in ( a ) were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1), AH05 (H5N1), or AH13 (H7N9) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( c ) The stable overexpression of PEX19 in PEX19-overexpressing cells was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( d ) The WSN (H1N1) virus was used to infect the PEX19-overexpressing or control A549 cells at an MOI of 0.01. Supernatants were collected at 24 and 48 h p.i., and virus titers were determined by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( e ) A stable PEX19_KO A549 cell line was established by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the knockout of PEX19 was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( f ) PEX19_KO or control A549 cells were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1) or AH05 (H5N1) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. Three independent experiments were performed in ( b , d , f ), and data are shown as means ± standard deviations for triplicates from a representative experiment. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Western Blot, Glo Assay, Infection, Virus, Over Expression, Control, CRISPR, Knock-Out

    PEX19 knockdown and IAV infection decrease the pool of peroxisomes in A549 cells. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 24 h and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb. ( b ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1) and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb and a rabbit anti-M2 pAb at 0 and 13 h p.i.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PEX19 knockdown and IAV infection decrease the pool of peroxisomes in A549 cells. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 24 h and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb. ( b ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1) and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb and a rabbit anti-M2 pAb at 0 and 13 h p.i.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Knockdown, Infection, Transfection, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Virus

    PEX19 deficiency promotes cell damage in IAV-infected cells by inducing ROS and compromising the ROS-processing function of peroxisomes. ( a ) HEK293T cells were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 12 h, followed by mock infection or infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 24 h p.i. ( b ) The viability of HEK293T cells treated as in ( a ) was analyzed by a CellTiter-Glo assay at 24 h p.i. *, p < 0.05 and ns, not significant. ( c ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were mock-infected or infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 36 h p.i. ( d , e ) A549 ( d ) and HEK293T ( e ) cells were left untreated or were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 for 12 h, followed by infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). The profiling of ROS formation was visualized by fluorescence microscopy with ROS detection reagents at 24 h p.i.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PEX19 deficiency promotes cell damage in IAV-infected cells by inducing ROS and compromising the ROS-processing function of peroxisomes. ( a ) HEK293T cells were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 12 h, followed by mock infection or infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 24 h p.i. ( b ) The viability of HEK293T cells treated as in ( a ) was analyzed by a CellTiter-Glo assay at 24 h p.i. *, p < 0.05 and ns, not significant. ( c ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were mock-infected or infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 36 h p.i. ( d , e ) A549 ( d ) and HEK293T ( e ) cells were left untreated or were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 for 12 h, followed by infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). The profiling of ROS formation was visualized by fluorescence microscopy with ROS detection reagents at 24 h p.i.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Infection, Virus, Inverted Microscopy, Glo Assay, Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy

    IAV infection and PEX19 knockout reduce the levels of type III interferons. ( a , b ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 2) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of IFN-α and IFN-β ( a ) or type III IFNs ( b ) were determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 3). *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; and ns, not significant.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IAV infection and PEX19 knockout reduce the levels of type III interferons. ( a , b ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 2) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of IFN-α and IFN-β ( a ) or type III IFNs ( b ) were determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 3). *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; and ns, not significant.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Infection, Knock-Out, Control, Virus, Quantitative RT-PCR

    The M2 protein disturbs the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisome-associated factors. ( a , b ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19, V5-PMP24 ( a ), or V5-PEX14 ( b ) and gradually increased amount of Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2. At 24 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were Western blotted with a rabbit anti-Flag, anti-Myc, or anti-V5 pAb.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The M2 protein disturbs the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisome-associated factors. ( a , b ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19, V5-PMP24 ( a ), or V5-PEX14 ( b ) and gradually increased amount of Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2. At 24 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were Western blotted with a rabbit anti-Flag, anti-Myc, or anti-V5 pAb.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

    Schematic diagram showing the role of PEX19 during IAV replication. IAV M2 interferes with the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisomal proteins, which may lead to a decrease in the peroxisome pool during IAV infection. The decrease in peroxisomes during IAV infection causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell damage. Meanwhile, the IAV-induced reduction in peroxisome quantity also compromises the peroxisome MAVS-mediated type III IFN responses, which provides an environment that favors viral propagation.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram showing the role of PEX19 during IAV replication. IAV M2 interferes with the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisomal proteins, which may lead to a decrease in the peroxisome pool during IAV infection. The decrease in peroxisomes during IAV infection causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell damage. Meanwhile, the IAV-induced reduction in peroxisome quantity also compromises the peroxisome MAVS-mediated type III IFN responses, which provides an environment that favors viral propagation.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Infection

    The yeast two-hybrid screen identifies PEX19 as an interacting partner of IAV M2. The yeast strain Y2H Gold was co-transformed with the bait plasmid pGBKT7-SC09(H1N1) M2, containing SC09(H1N1) M2 fused to the GAL4-binding domain (BD) in a pGBKT7 vector, together with the prey plasmid pGADT7-PEX19, which encodes PEX19 fused to the Gal4-activation domain (AD). Positive protein–protein interactions are indicated by the growth of blue colonies in the SD/–4/X/A plates in the presence of X-a-Gal. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-p53 encoding the Gal4-BD fused with murine p53 and pGADT7-T encoding the Gal4-AD fused with SV40 large T-antigen served as a positive control. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-Lamin, which encodes the Gal4-BD fused with Lamin and pGADT7-T, served as a negative control. SD/–2: SD/–Leu/–Trp; SD/–4: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp; and SD/–4/X/A: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp/X-a-Gal/AbA.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The yeast two-hybrid screen identifies PEX19 as an interacting partner of IAV M2. The yeast strain Y2H Gold was co-transformed with the bait plasmid pGBKT7-SC09(H1N1) M2, containing SC09(H1N1) M2 fused to the GAL4-binding domain (BD) in a pGBKT7 vector, together with the prey plasmid pGADT7-PEX19, which encodes PEX19 fused to the Gal4-activation domain (AD). Positive protein–protein interactions are indicated by the growth of blue colonies in the SD/–4/X/A plates in the presence of X-a-Gal. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-p53 encoding the Gal4-BD fused with murine p53 and pGADT7-T encoding the Gal4-AD fused with SV40 large T-antigen served as a positive control. The co-transformation of pGBKT7-Lamin, which encodes the Gal4-BD fused with Lamin and pGADT7-T, served as a negative control. SD/–2: SD/–Leu/–Trp; SD/–4: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp; and SD/–4/X/A: SD/–Ade/–His/–Leu/–Trp/X-a-Gal/AbA.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Two Hybrid Screening, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Binding Assay, Activation Assay, Positive Control, Negative Control

    IAV M2 protein interacts with host factor PEX19. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combination of plasmids expressing Myc-tagged PEX19 and Flag-tagged SC09 (H1N1) M2 ( a ), WSN (H1N1) M2 ( b ), or AH05 (H5N1) M2 ( c ). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with mouse anti-Flag or anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( d ) Schematic representation of differences in amino acid sequences of M2. ( e ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 2 for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( f ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19 and GFP or GFP-tagged BM2. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-GFP mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( g , h ) A549 cells were transfected individually or in combination with plasmids expressing Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2 and Myc-tagged PEX19 ( g ) or were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 1 ( h ). Cells were immunostained with anti-M2 and anti-PEX19 antibodies 24 h after transfection or the indicated timepoints p.i., and were visualized by confocal microscopy. The 3D analysis of images was performed using Image J.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IAV M2 protein interacts with host factor PEX19. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combination of plasmids expressing Myc-tagged PEX19 and Flag-tagged SC09 (H1N1) M2 ( a ), WSN (H1N1) M2 ( b ), or AH05 (H5N1) M2 ( c ). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with mouse anti-Flag or anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( d ) Schematic representation of differences in amino acid sequences of M2. ( e ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 2 for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( f ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19 and GFP or GFP-tagged BM2. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-GFP mAb, and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting. ( g , h ) A549 cells were transfected individually or in combination with plasmids expressing Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2 and Myc-tagged PEX19 ( g ) or were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus at an MOI of 1 ( h ). Cells were immunostained with anti-M2 and anti-PEX19 antibodies 24 h after transfection or the indicated timepoints p.i., and were visualized by confocal microscopy. The 3D analysis of images was performed using Image J.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Infection, Virus, Confocal Microscopy

    The cytoplasmic tail domain of M2 and the C terminus of PEX19 are key regions of interactions. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combinations of plasmids. At 48 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb ( a , c ), or a mouse anti-Flag mAb ( b ), and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-GST pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( a ) or with a rabbit anti-Flag pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( b , c ).

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The cytoplasmic tail domain of M2 and the C terminus of PEX19 are key regions of interactions. ( a – c ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated combinations of plasmids. At 48 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb ( a , c ), or a mouse anti-Flag mAb ( b ), and the bound proteins were detected by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-GST pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( a ) or with a rabbit anti-Flag pAb and a rabbit anti-Myc pAb ( b , c ).

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

    PEX19 inhibits the replication of IAV. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting PEX19 or scrambled siRNA for 48 h. Whole-cell lysates were then analyzed by Western blotting with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb. The band intensities of PEX19, quantified using ImageJ, were normalized to GAPDH and are expressed as relative ratios compared to RNAimax-treated cells. The cell viability of siRNA-treated A549 cells was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay. The data are presented as means ± standard deviations for triplicate transfections. ( b ) PEX19 siRNA1- or scrambled siRNA-transfected A549 cells as in ( a ) were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1), AH05 (H5N1), or AH13 (H7N9) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( c ) The stable overexpression of PEX19 in PEX19-overexpressing cells was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( d ) The WSN (H1N1) virus was used to infect the PEX19-overexpressing or control A549 cells at an MOI of 0.01. Supernatants were collected at 24 and 48 h p.i., and virus titers were determined by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( e ) A stable PEX19_KO A549 cell line was established by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the knockout of PEX19 was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( f ) PEX19_KO or control A549 cells were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1) or AH05 (H5N1) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. Three independent experiments were performed in ( b , d , f ), and data are shown as means ± standard deviations for triplicates from a representative experiment. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PEX19 inhibits the replication of IAV. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting PEX19 or scrambled siRNA for 48 h. Whole-cell lysates were then analyzed by Western blotting with a mouse anti-PEX19 mAb. The band intensities of PEX19, quantified using ImageJ, were normalized to GAPDH and are expressed as relative ratios compared to RNAimax-treated cells. The cell viability of siRNA-treated A549 cells was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay. The data are presented as means ± standard deviations for triplicate transfections. ( b ) PEX19 siRNA1- or scrambled siRNA-transfected A549 cells as in ( a ) were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1), AH05 (H5N1), or AH13 (H7N9) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( c ) The stable overexpression of PEX19 in PEX19-overexpressing cells was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( d ) The WSN (H1N1) virus was used to infect the PEX19-overexpressing or control A549 cells at an MOI of 0.01. Supernatants were collected at 24 and 48 h p.i., and virus titers were determined by plaque assays on MDCK cells. ( e ) A stable PEX19_KO A549 cell line was established by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the knockout of PEX19 was confirmed by Western blotting with a rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb. ( f ) PEX19_KO or control A549 cells were infected with the WSN/33 (H1N1) or AH05 (H5N1) virus. At 24 and 48 h p.i., supernatants were titrated for infectious viruses by plaque assays on MDCK cells. Three independent experiments were performed in ( b , d , f ), and data are shown as means ± standard deviations for triplicates from a representative experiment. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Western Blot, Glo Assay, Infection, Virus, Over Expression, Control, CRISPR, Knock-Out

    PEX19 knockdown and IAV infection decrease the pool of peroxisomes in A549 cells. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 24 h and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb. ( b ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1) and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb and a rabbit anti-M2 pAb at 0 and 13 h p.i.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PEX19 knockdown and IAV infection decrease the pool of peroxisomes in A549 cells. ( a ) A549 cells were transfected with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 24 h and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb. ( b ) A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1) and were then subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy analysis using a mouse anti-PMP70 mAb and a rabbit anti-M2 pAb at 0 and 13 h p.i.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Knockdown, Infection, Transfection, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Virus

    PEX19 deficiency promotes cell damage in IAV-infected cells by inducing ROS and compromising the ROS-processing function of peroxisomes. ( a ) HEK293T cells were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 12 h, followed by mock infection or infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 24 h p.i. ( b ) The viability of HEK293T cells treated as in ( a ) was analyzed by a CellTiter-Glo assay at 24 h p.i. *, p < 0.05 and ns, not significant. ( c ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were mock-infected or infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 36 h p.i. ( d , e ) A549 ( d ) and HEK293T ( e ) cells were left untreated or were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 for 12 h, followed by infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). The profiling of ROS formation was visualized by fluorescence microscopy with ROS detection reagents at 24 h p.i.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PEX19 deficiency promotes cell damage in IAV-infected cells by inducing ROS and compromising the ROS-processing function of peroxisomes. ( a ) HEK293T cells were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 or scrambled siRNA for 12 h, followed by mock infection or infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 24 h p.i. ( b ) The viability of HEK293T cells treated as in ( a ) was analyzed by a CellTiter-Glo assay at 24 h p.i. *, p < 0.05 and ns, not significant. ( c ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were mock-infected or infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). Bright-field images were acquired under an inverted microscope at 36 h p.i. ( d , e ) A549 ( d ) and HEK293T ( e ) cells were left untreated or were treated with PEX19 siRNA1 for 12 h, followed by infection with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 1). The profiling of ROS formation was visualized by fluorescence microscopy with ROS detection reagents at 24 h p.i.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Infection, Virus, Inverted Microscopy, Glo Assay, Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy

    IAV infection and PEX19 knockout reduce the levels of type III interferons. ( a , b ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 2) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of IFN-α and IFN-β ( a ) or type III IFNs ( b ) were determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 3). *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; and ns, not significant.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IAV infection and PEX19 knockout reduce the levels of type III interferons. ( a , b ) PEX19_KO and control A549 cells were infected with the WSN (H1N1) virus (MOI = 2) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of IFN-α and IFN-β ( a ) or type III IFNs ( b ) were determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 3). *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; and ns, not significant.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Infection, Knock-Out, Control, Virus, Quantitative RT-PCR

    The M2 protein disturbs the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisome-associated factors. ( a , b ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19, V5-PMP24 ( a ), or V5-PEX14 ( b ) and gradually increased amount of Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2. At 24 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were Western blotted with a rabbit anti-Flag, anti-Myc, or anti-V5 pAb.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The M2 protein disturbs the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisome-associated factors. ( a , b ) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-PEX19, V5-PMP24 ( a ), or V5-PEX14 ( b ) and gradually increased amount of Flag-tagged WSN (H1N1) M2. At 24 h post transfection, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-Myc mAb, and the bound proteins were Western blotted with a rabbit anti-Flag, anti-Myc, or anti-V5 pAb.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

    Schematic diagram showing the role of PEX19 during IAV replication. IAV M2 interferes with the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisomal proteins, which may lead to a decrease in the peroxisome pool during IAV infection. The decrease in peroxisomes during IAV infection causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell damage. Meanwhile, the IAV-induced reduction in peroxisome quantity also compromises the peroxisome MAVS-mediated type III IFN responses, which provides an environment that favors viral propagation.

    Journal: Viruses

    Article Title: The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome

    doi: 10.3390/v16081309

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram showing the role of PEX19 during IAV replication. IAV M2 interferes with the interactions between PEX19 and peroxisomal proteins, which may lead to a decrease in the peroxisome pool during IAV infection. The decrease in peroxisomes during IAV infection causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell damage. Meanwhile, the IAV-induced reduction in peroxisome quantity also compromises the peroxisome MAVS-mediated type III IFN responses, which provides an environment that favors viral propagation.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study include rabbit anti-Flag polyclonal antibody (pAb) (F7425; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), mouse anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (mAb) (F3165; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-Myc pAb (C3965; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-Myc mAb (M4439; Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-actin mAb (sc-47778; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-GAPDH pAb (10494-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-GFP pAb (AG279; Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-GFP mAb (ab1218; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-GST pAb (A00097; Genscript, Nanjing, China), mouse anti-GST mAb (A00865; Genscript), rabbit anti-V5 pAb (14440-1-AP; Proteintech), mouse anti-V5 mAb (A01724; Genscript), rabbit anti-M2 pAb (GTX125951; GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), mouse anti-M2 mAb (ab5416; Abcam), rabbit anti-PEX19 pAb (GTX110721; GeneTex), mouse anti-PEX19 mAb (GT554; GeneTex), and mouse anti-PMP70 mAb (ab211533; Abcam).

    Techniques: Infection